In the spring of 146 B.C.E., the Roman commander Scipio Aemilianus ordered his army's final assault upon the very weakened North African city of Carthage. Surrounded on all sides by the Romans and ...
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From Canaan to Carthage, how the Phoenician city states survived collapse and built a Mediterranean trade empire
After the fall of Bronze Age empires, a handful of Phoenician city states emerged from Canaan to dominate Mediterranean trade. This chapter traces their survival, their alphabet, and how ports like ...
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