San Francisco, CA - Calling into question the "time-honored" tradition of using third and fourth heart sounds to identify cardiac abnormalities, a new study indicates that the overall diagnostic ...

An S4 heart sound cannot be present during atrial fibrillation (atrial kick is required). An S3 heart sound cannot be present in the setting of severe mitral stenosis. An S3 heart sound can be present ...

Blood flows through the heart and generates noises known as heart sounds. These noises occur due to heart valves opening and closing as the heart pumps blood. A doctor can gain valuable information by ...