In the spring of 146 B.C.E., the Roman commander Scipio Aemilianus ordered his army's final assault upon the very weakened North African city of Carthage. Surrounded on all sides by the Romans and ...
Carthage was the capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, and was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean. Its fall came at the end of the Third Punic War in ...
After the fall of Bronze Age empires, a handful of Phoenician city states emerged from Canaan to dominate Mediterranean trade. This chapter traces their survival, their alphabet, and how ports like ...